Journal of Translational Research
type: channel
description: The Journal of Translational Research is a leading peer-reviewed academic journal published by BIOMED INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal is dedicated to the advancement of translational science by integrating basic scientific research with clinical and public health applications. It serves as a scholarly platform to bridge the gap between laboratory discoveries and real-world clinical implementation, with the ultimate goal of improving healthcare outcomes and advancing medical practice. The journal promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals by publishing high-quality research that translates scientific knowledge into practical solutions for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Scope: The Journal of Translational Research welcomes submissions in the following areas, but not limited to: Translational and Clinical Research Molecular and Cellular Biology Pharmacology and Drug Development Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Medicine Genomics, Proteomics, and Precision Medicine Public Health and Preventive Medicine Diagnostic Technologies and Medical Innovations Health Systems Research and Implementation Science Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutic Development The journal publishes original research articles, clinical studies, review papers, commentaries, and opinion pieces that contribute to the advancement of translational science. It emphasizes ethical research practices, scientific rigor, and interdisciplinary collaboration to support innovation in healthcare. Publication Frequency: Biannual (Two issues per year)
publisher: BIOMED INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
language: en
publication name: Journal of Translational Research
issn: 3080-7131
items: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DYSLIPIDEMIA PATTERNS AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS
items: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
items: LONG-TERM GYNECOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN WOMEN
items: NEUROIMAGING AND BIOMARKER-BASED ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
items: BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO NURSE-LED MATERNAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
items: TELEMEDICINE IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE DELIVERY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
items: INTERLINKING DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND RENAL DYSFUNCTION: A MULTISYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVE
items: GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS AND COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS: A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
items: PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISORDERS: NOVEL BIOLOGICS
items: EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION POLICIES ON VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN LOW-INCOME REGIONS
items: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF MRI IN DETECTING MICROFRACTURES IN POLYTRAUMA PATIENTS
items: THE ROLE OF RECURRENT OTITIS MEDIA IN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT DELAY: A LONGITUDINAL PEDIATRIC STUDY
items: THE IMPACT OF ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES ON TUMOR RECURRENCE IN CANCER SURGERY: A META-ANALYSIS ACROSS MULTIPLE ONCOLOGICAL SUBTYPES
items: INVESTIGATING CYTOKINE STORM MARKERS IN SEVERE COVID-19-RELATED ARDS CASES
items: COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES OF ROBOTIC VS. OPEN SURGERY IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS
items: ROLE OF NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE INSTABILITY
items: CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF DNA REPAIR IN RESPONSE TO GENOTOXIC STRESS
items: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
items: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF DIET ON GUT MICROBIOME COMPOSITION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION
items: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY: INSIGHTS FROM MYOCYTE MODELS
items: CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR TISSUERE GENERATION
items: EVALUATING HYPERINSULINEMIA-INDUCED COGNITIVE DECLINE IN PRE-DIABETIC PATIENTS
items: IDENTIFYING GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY-ONSET TYPE 1 DIABETES
items: THE ROLE OF GUT-DERIVED GLP-1 IN HYPOGLYCEMIA UNAWARENESS
items: INVESTIGATING LEPTIN RESISTANCE IN MORBID OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
items: EXPLORING SURFACTANT PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
items: ADVANCED WOUND HEALING: PLASTIC SURGERY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
items: PSORIASIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK: AN INTEGRATIVE CARDIO-DERMATOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
items: AI-DRIVEN PREDICTIVE MODELING FOR GERIATRIC ONCOLOGY OUTCOMES
items: METABOLIC SYNDROME AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DYSLIPIDEMIA PATTERNS AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS
type: item
description: Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, substantial residual cardiovascular risk persists despite optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering.This study aimed to experimentally evaluate the contribution of complex dyslipidemia patterns, including triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant cholesterol, to cardiovascular mortality in high-risk populations.A mixed-methods experimental design integrating quantitative longitudinal lipid analysis with qualitative clinical interpretation was employed. Comprehensive lipid profiling, derived atherogenic indices, and multivariate survival modeling were used to assess associations with cardiovascular outcomes. Composite lipid models incorporating triglycerides, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and remnant cholesterol demonstrated significantly superior predictive performance compared with LDL-C–only frameworks. Nonlinear interactions among triglycerides, HDL-C, and small dense LDL surrogates revealed amplified residual cardiovascular risk independent of LDL-C levels. Multivariate hazard modeling confirmed that cholesterol-rich remnant particles and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins were dominant predictors of cardiovascular mortality, exhibiting greater stability and robustness across sensitivity analyses. Visual and quantitative analyses consistently showed persistent risk despite achievement of LDL-C targets.The findings indicate that residual cardiovascular risk is predominantly driven by non-LDL atherogenic lipoproteins, underscoring the inadequacy of LDL-C–centric risk assessment and treatment strategies. Broader lipid profiling and targeted therapeutic approaches addressing triglyceride-rich and remnant lipoproteins are essential to reduce cardiovascular mortality in high-risk populations
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dyslipidemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Residual Cardiovascular Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
  topic: keywords
subject: Remnant Cholesterol
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-HDL Cholesterol
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular Mortality
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiran Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 90
ending page: 113
doi: 10.64037/jtr4.01.37

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
type: item
description: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, with increasing global burden driven by aging populations and limited efficacy of current therapies in advanced disease stages. Progressive atrial remodeling is central to AF initiation, maintenance, and chronicity, yet its integrated electrophysiological, structural, and molecular dynamics remain incompletely defined. This study employed a mixed-methods experimental design combining high-resolution atrial electrophysiological mapping, quantitative molecular profiling, structural imaging, and qualitative histopathological assessment. Multivariate modeling and advanced visualization techniques were applied to characterize remodeling-associated changes and their contribution to AF persistence. The findings demonstrate marked electrical remodeling characterized by shortened excitation wavelength, increased refractory dispersion, and conduction heterogeneity. Structural remodeling manifested as spatially heterogeneous atrial fibrosis with nonlinear escalation beyond defined thresholds. Molecular analyses revealed significant calcium-handling instability, oxidative stress amplification, inflammatory signaling activation, and profibrotic pathway engagement, all of which correlated strongly with electrophysiological instability. Integrated multivariate analyses outperformed single-domain metrics in predicting AF maintenance. Sex-specific remodeling patterns were observed, indicating differential electrophysiological–structural coupling.AF persistence emerges from synergistic, multiscale remodeling processes rather than isolated triggers. These results support a shift toward substrate-targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting remodeling cascades and preventing disease progression
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Atrial Fibrillation
  topic: keywords
subject: Atrial Remodeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrophysiological Heterogeneity
  topic: keywords
subject: Atrial Fibrosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium Dysregulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Substrate-Based Therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 64
ending page: 89
doi: 10.64037/jtr4.01.36

LONG-TERM GYNECOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN WOMEN
type: item
description: Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery has transformed the management of benign gynecologic conditions; however, evidence regarding its long-term clinical and patient-centered outcomes remains limited. This mixed-methods longitudinal study evaluated the extended gynecological, psychological, functional, aesthetic, and economic outcomes of women undergoing conventional laparoscopic or robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery. Quantitative analyses demonstrated sustained reductions in pelvic pain, low late complication and recurrence rates, and stable improvements in functional recovery over long-term follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes revealed progressive enhancement of mental wellbeing, sexual function, and cosmetic satisfaction, with quality-of-life indices remaining consistently elevated beyond the early postoperative period. Robotic-assisted procedures were associated with slightly higher satisfaction scores and improved recovery stabilization, though overall outcome patterns were comparable between surgical modalities. Multidimensional outcome integration highlighted that clinical recovery, psychological adaptation, and patient satisfaction converge to define long-term procedural success. Economic analyses suggested that gains in recovery efficiency and reduced healthcare utilization may partially mitigate higher procedural costs associated with robotic surgery. Collectively, these findings indicate that minimally invasive gynecologic surgery provides durable, patient-centered benefits, with robotic-assisted approaches offering incremental advantages in selected domains. The results emphasize the importance of comprehensive long-term outcome assessment and support continued evaluation of emerging surgical technologies through standardized, high-quality research frameworks
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: Robotic-Assisted Surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: Long-Term Outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient-Reported Outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality Of Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost-Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Adeel Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 63
doi: 10.64037/jtr4.01.35

NEUROIMAGING AND BIOMARKER-BASED ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
type: item
description: Neurodegenerative diseases are typified by progressive structural, functional, and molecular changes, which come before clinically. The purpose of this paper was to find the nature of the illness on the basis of a composite model, which is a synthesis of the most recent neuroimaging, as well as fluid biomarkers. We used multimodal measures that included structural and functional neuroimaging and biochemical measures of neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation of longitudinal cohorts. Its results suggest that integrated imaging-biomarker models are better than unit-modality in the measurement of tracking disease progression because it is sensitive to the early pathological changes and can identify the difference between the disease stages. Biomarker pathways, such as increased neurofilament light chain, amyloid- 2 imbalance, and tau pathology, were significantly related to changes in the structure of the brain, such as shrinkage, microstructural disturbance, and altered connectivity. It was proved that integrated metrics were capable of predicting progression and clinical rates of decline based on predictive modeling. Such results make clear that multimodal evaluation techniques of early diagnosis, patient classification and outcome monitoring are translational. The paper advocates the use of neuroimaging and biomarkers combination as a fundamental element of an accuracy instrument in the research and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neurodegenerative disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroimaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease progression
  topic: keywords
subject: Multimodal assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision neurology
  topic: keywords
creator: Farah Naz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 21
ending page: 40
doi: 10.64037/jtr4.01.34

BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO NURSE-LED MATERNAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
type: item
description: Nurse-led maternal health interventions have become increasingly important in addressing workforce shortages, improving antenatal care continuity, and strengthening maternal health service delivery across diverse healthcare settings. This study examined the barriers and facilitators influencing the implementation of nurse-led maternal health interventions in rural and urban healthcare facilities, with particular attention to the role of digital health tools. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating retrospective clinical performance data from 12 healthcare facilities with qualitative insights from 40 nurses and 10 maternal health administrators. Quantitative indicators included antenatal care attendance, follow-up completion, digital tool utilization, postnatal contact, and referral documentation completeness. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to identify contextual, organizational, and technological factors shaping implementation outcomes. The findings revealed that urban facilities performed better across all measured indicators, particularly in digital tool utilization and referral documentation, largely due to stronger infrastructure and institutional support. In contrast, rural facilities experienced greater challenges related to connectivity instability, limited technical resources, staff shortages, and patient access barriers. Training adequacy, managerial support, perceived ease of use, low-bandwidth tools, and nurse-patient communication emerged as key facilitators of successful adoption. However, workload pressure and poor system integration reduced nurses’ willingness and ability to sustain digital practices. Overall, the study demonstrates that nurse-led maternal health interventions can improve service continuity when supported by context-sensitive digital design, practical training, workflow integration, and sustained institutional investment. The findings highlight the need for rural-specific implementation strategies that…
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nurse-Led Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Antenatal Care
  topic: keywords
creator: Iliana Gonzalez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.64037/jtr4.01.32

TELEMEDICINE IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE DELIVERY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
type: item
description: Telemedicine has emerged as a transformative strategy for strengthening primary healthcare delivery by improving access, continuity, and system efficiency. The rapid expansion of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated its integration into routine care; however, questions remain regarding its long-term sustainability, equity implications, and impact on clinical outcomes in diverse healthcare contexts.This systematic literature review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the effectiveness, implementation challenges, equity implications, and sustainability of telemedicine in primary healthcare settings, with particular emphasis on post-2020 developments. A systematic search of multiple electronic databases was conducted in accordance with established review guidelines and the Population–Concept–Context framework. Studies published from January 1, 2020 onward were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers performed title, abstract, and full-text screening. Data were extracted using a standardized form and synthesized thematically to identify trends related to telemedicine modalities, patient outcomes, provider experiences, cost-effectiveness, and health equity. Sixty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Telemedicine interventions were predominantly delivered through synchronous video consultations and telephone visits, with increasing adoption of hybrid and remote monitoring models. Across chronic disease management, mental health care, and preventive services, telemedicine demonstrated clinical outcomes comparable to traditional face-to-face consultations while improving access to care and reducing indirect patient costs. Patient satisfaction was generally high; however, disparities persisted among older adults, low-income populations, and individuals with limited digital literacy. Provider experiences reflected improved flexibility and outreach but highlighted workflow disruption and diagnostic limitation…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Telemedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: primary healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: telehealth
  topic: keywords
subject: digital health
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic review
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare access
  topic: keywords
subject: health equity
  topic: keywords
subject: , COVID-19 pandemic, virtual care, health system sustainability, healthcare policy, remote monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Rehan
creator: Hassan Yar Mahsood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 80
ending page: 93
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.31

INTERLINKING DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND RENAL DYSFUNCTION: A MULTISYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVE
type: item
description: Diabetic cardiomyopathy and renal dysfunction are increasingly recognized as interconnected complications of long-standing diabetes, sharing overlapping metabolic, inflammatory, and hemodynamic pathways. This study investigates the multisystemic association between cardiac structural impairment and renal functional decline using an integrated mixed-methods experimental design. Quantitative biochemical profiling, echocardiographic assessment, and renal filtration measurements were combined with qualitative clinical interpretation to construct a unified model of the cardio-renal axis in diabetes. Results demonstrated a consistent relationship between decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and worsening global longitudinal strain (GLS), accompanied by elevations in NT-proBNP, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Cardiac deformation indices and renal dysfunction stages showed parallel progression, supporting the hypothesis that both organs deteriorate through shared mechanisms involving microvascular injury, endothelial dysfunction, and mitochondrial stress. Scatter and trend analyses further revealed clustering patterns of multisystemic risk, indicating that early abnormalities in one organ predict subsequent impairment in the other. The integrated cardio-renal model developed in this study underscores the need for clinical frameworks that evaluate cardiovascular and renal systems jointly rather than independently. These findings highlight the importance of early multisystemic screening and holistic intervention strategies to mitigate progression and improve outcomes in diabetic populations. Overall, the study strengthens the understanding that diabetic cardiomyopathy and renal dysfunction represent a continuous, interconnected disease spectrum driven by metabolic and inflammatory cross-talk rather than separate pathological entities.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetic cardiomyopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardio-renal syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: eGFR
  topic: keywords
subject: Global longitudinal strain
  topic: keywords
subject: NT-proBNP
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Multisystemic pathology
  topic: keywords
creator: Shazia Khalid
creator: Humayun Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shazia Khalid, Humayun Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 79
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.30

GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS AND COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS: A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
type: item
description: Gut microbiota dysbiosis is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing colorectal carcinogenesis, yet the mechanistic relationship between microbial imbalance and tissue-level pathological alterations remains incompletely understood. This study investigates the correlation between dysbiosis and colorectal tumor development by integrating high-throughput 16S rRNA microbial profiling with detailed histopathological examination of colorectal tissue samples. A mixed-methods experimental approach was employed, allowing quantitative microbial abundance, diversity indices, and dysbiosis scores to be analyzed alongside qualitative assessments of epithelial dysplasia, architectural distortion, inflammatory infiltration, and tumor grading. Results revealed significant enrichment of pro-carcinogenic taxa, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum, mucin-degrading species, and inflammation-associated bacteria, in samples exhibiting advanced tumor grades. Diversity analyses demonstrated a marked decline in protective commensals, including butyrate-producing organisms, suggesting ecological collapse within the gut microbiome as lesions progressed. Statistical modeling further confirmed that higher dysbiosis scores strongly correlated with increased histopathological severity, supporting a dose-dependent microbial influence on neoplastic transformation. The integration of molecular and morphological findings provides robust evidence that dysbiosis contributes both to the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. These findings highlight the potential of microbial signatures as early diagnostic biomarkers and emphasize the importance of microbiome-targeted strategies in risk prediction, prevention, and personalized therapeutic intervention.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Colorectal cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Gut microbiota dysbiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: 16S rRNA sequencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Fusobacterium nucleatum
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor microenvironment
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysplasia
  topic: keywords
subject: Carcinogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiome–cancer interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Zia Ur Rehman
creator: Mashal Shahzadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 63
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.29

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISORDERS: NOVEL BIOLOGICS
type: item
description: Autoimmune skin disorders represent a significant clinical and socioeconomic burden due to their chronicity, relapsing nature, and impact on patient quality of life. This study evaluates emerging pharmacotherapeutic advances with a specific focus on novel biologic agents targeting key immunologic pathways involved in autoimmune dermatologic disease. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative clinical outcomes with qualitative clinician insights, the study analyzes efficacy trends, biomarker responsiveness, adverse-event profiles, and molecular selectivity across multiple biologic classes. Quantitative assessments demonstrate robust improvements in remission rates, inflammatory biomarker reduction, and dose–response performance, particularly among IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors. Qualitative data from dermatologists reveal strong support for personalized therapy models, emphasizing mechanistic precision, patient acceptability, and long-term safety advantages over traditional immunosuppressants. Triangulated findings highlight the superiority of targeted biologics in both clinical and molecular dimensions, while also identifying persistent challenges, including heterogeneous response patterns, treatment fatigue, and cost-related barriers. The study concludes that novel biologics have transformed the therapeutic landscape of autoimmune skin disorders by providing more effective, durable, and pathway-specific treatment options. Continued advancements in biomarker-guided therapy selection, patient stratification, and equitable access strategies will be essential for optimizing future clinical outcomes and ensuring the widespread benefits of these pharmacotherapeutic innovations.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biologics
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoimmune skin disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-17 inhibitors
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-23 inhibitors
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted immunotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytokine modulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacotherapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: Dermatology
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarker profiling
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Kiran
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Kiran, Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 33
ending page: 47
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.28

EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION POLICIES ON VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN LOW-INCOME REGIONS
type: item
description: This study evaluates the effectiveness of national immunization policies in reducing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) across low-income regions by employing a mixed-methods research design that integrates epidemiological trend analysis with qualitative policy assessment. Quantitative data from national surveillance systems, immunization registries, and disease reporting platforms were used to measure changes in vaccination coverage, incidence patterns, and policy-driven reductions in disease burden. Qualitative insights from policy reviews and implementation reports provided essential context regarding operational challenges, such as cold-chain limitations, workforce shortages, funding constraints, and sociocultural barriers affecting uptake. Results revealed a consistent inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and VPD incidence, demonstrating that regions with stronger policy implementation achieved significantly greater disease reductions. However, notable disparities remained, especially in geographically isolated or socioeconomically disadvantaged districts, which continued to exhibit lower coverage and higher dropout rates. Statistical associations confirmed that increased coverage strongly predicted incidence declines, while qualitative triangulation highlighted governance effectiveness, community trust, and health-system resilience as key determinants of policy success. Overall, the study concludes that national immunization policies are effective mechanisms for reducing VPD burden in low-income settings, but their full potential depends on equitable implementation, improved infrastructure, targeted community engagement, and adaptive policy reforms that respond to local needs. These findings provide actionable insights for strengthening immunization strategies and enhancing long-term public health outcomes in resource-constrained environments.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Immunization policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine-preventable diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-income regions
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccination coverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease incidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Health equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixed-methods research
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
creator: Muhammad Rehan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzad Rafiq, Muhammad Rehan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 17
ending page: 32
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.27

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF MRI IN DETECTING MICROFRACTURES IN POLYTRAUMA PATIENTS
type: item
description: The research paper assesses the diagnostic validity of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in detecting microfractures on polytrauma patients, which is one of the clinical issues contributing to delayed therapy when fractures are still occult on other imaging modalities. The study employed a mixed-method experimental study, which compared the results of MRI and a composite reference standard, high-resolution computed tomography and intraoperative observations. A wide range of MRI sequences was used to determine changes in marrow edema, disruption of trabecular structure, and cortical changes: T1, T2, STIR, and gradient-echo. The quantitative findings presented that MRI was highly sensitive to identify marrow-based microfractures, especially in the areas of the anatomy rich in the trabecular structures, but denser cortical structures had higher patterns of false-negative. Specificity depended on the parameters of sequence, with the STIR sequence and the gradient- echo sequence being the most suitable structures to provide the best contrast. Trends of predictive value, and inter-rater reliability assessments also supported the strong performance of MRI, and significant consensus between radiologists was achieved when standardized reporting criteria were employed. The results of regression analysis showed that the intensity of edema and clinical symptom severity were significantly detectable, and the use of clinical markers in the imaging workflow is justified. All in all, the study confirms that MRI is a necessary diagnostic method in trauma cases, especially in case early detection can affect treatment planning, morbidity, and long-term complications. These results underpin the necessity of streamlined multi-sequence MRI sequences and point to the opportunities of utilizing advanced imaging analytics to improve microfracture imaging in different trauma groups.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: MRI
  topic: keywords
subject: Microfractures
  topic: keywords
subject: Polytrauma
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostic accuracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Specificityx
  topic: keywords
subject: Specificity
  topic: keywords
subject: Bone marrow edema
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Trauma imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Occult fractures
  topic: keywords
creator: Younas Rehman
creator: Muska Hayat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Younas Rehman, Muska Hayat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.64037/jtr3.2.26

THE ROLE OF RECURRENT OTITIS MEDIA IN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT DELAY: A LONGITUDINAL PEDIATRIC STUDY
type: item
description: Otitis media is one of the most common pediatric infections and has been implicated in adverse developmental outcomes, yet few studies have quantified its long-term impact on cognitive trajectories. In this prospective cohort study, 300 infants (mean age 6 months at enrollment) were followed over 48 months to examine how the frequency, duration, and severity of recurrent otitis media influence neurocognitive development. Otitis media episodes were diagnosed by pediatric otolaryngologists and confirmed via tympanometry and audiometry at six-month intervals. Cognitive function was evaluated at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, and at 48 months with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Multilevel linear mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, socioeconomic status, parental education, and baseline development. Children experiencing three or more infection episodes exhibited progressively lower Bayley-III composite scores, declining from a mean of 95 ± 12 at 12 months to 88 ± 15 at 48 months, compared with gains from 100 ± 10 to 108 ± 12 among non-recurrence peers (p ≤ 0.01 at each timepoint). Each additional episode corresponded to a 1.5-point reduction in cognitive score (SE = 0.5; p = 0.002), and longer episode duration produced an independent −0.8-point effect (SE = 0.3; p = 0.01). At 48 months, full-scale IQ averaged 95 ± 12 in the recurrence group versus 110 ± 10 in the non-recurrence group. Nearly 30% of children with recurrent infections fell below the clinical threshold for cognitive delay (<85), compared with 10% of their counterparts. Executive function trajectories diverged significantly over time (p < 0.005), and cumulative hearing loss was negatively correlated with memory scores (r = –0.42; p < 0.001). Early tympanostomy tube placement was associated with a 15-point increase in mean cognitive score at 48 months.These findings establish a dose-dependent, deleterious effect…
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Recurrent Otitis Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Development Delay
  topic: keywords
subject: Longitudinal Cohort Study
  topic: keywords
subject: Tympanostomy Tube Intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayley Scales Of Infant Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Hearing Loss
  topic: keywords
creator: Wesam Taher Almagharbeh
creator: Roohan Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 53
ending page: 65

THE IMPACT OF ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES ON TUMOR RECURRENCE IN CANCER SURGERY: A META-ANALYSIS ACROSS MULTIPLE ONCOLOGICAL SUBTYPES
type: item
description: This meta-analysis investigates the impact of anesthetic techniques—regional anesthesia (RA) versus general anesthesia (GA)—on tumor recurrence across multiple oncological subtypes. A total of 32 studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case-control designs, were systematically analyzed, covering breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancers. Data from over 15,000 patients were synthesized to evaluate recurrence rates, hazard ratios (HR), and methodological quality. RA and cancer were repeatedly associated with a risk of tumour recurrence that was lower than with GA in all cancer types. The rate of cancer coming back was lower after surgery for breast cancer (8.2% vs. 12.5%) and colorectal cancer (12.7% vs. 17.4%) in the RA groups. The combined hazard ratios for breast (HR = 0.74) and colorectal cancer (HR = 0.77) showed a notable drop in patients with RA. Following the removal of studies with high risk of bias, additional testing showed the results were still valid. The effect sizes in RCTs, cohort studies and case-control studies remained similar after being examined individually by design. Most papers (more than 85%) showed a low risk in major research methods and there were no signs of severe imbalance or missing studies in the results of bias analysis. They suggest that RA might reduce the chances of cancer coming back after surgery by possibly lowering perioperative immune system weakening, the level of inflammation, opioid intake and exposure to volatile anaesthetics. This study justifies including RA in the multidisciplinary plan for oncologic surgeries even though larger trials need to confirm its cause and effect. If anaesthetic planning is added to cancer treatment, it could be a simple and cost-effective approach to boost long-term satisfaction.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Regional Anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: General Anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer Recurrence
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Perioperative Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Anesthetic Technique
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Iram Batool
creator: Younas Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 52

INVESTIGATING CYTOKINE STORM MARKERS IN SEVERE COVID-19-RELATED ARDS CASES
type: item
description: In a prospective observational cohort of 100 mechanically ventilated adults with RT-PCR–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, peripheral blood was sampled on days 0, 3, and 7 following intubation to quantify eight key cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8/CXCL8, IP-10/CXCL10, IL-18, GM-CSF, M-CSF) via multiplex bead–based immunoassay. Mixed‐effects linear regression revealed that IL-18 and IP-10 concentrations were highest at enrollment (median 120 pg/mL and 100 pg/mL, respectively), peaked on day 3 (180 pg/mL and 150 pg/mL), and declined by day 7 (140 pg/mL and 110 pg/mL), and that elevated IP-10 and IL-6 levels exhibited the strongest inverse correlations with ventilator‐free days (r = –0.65 and r = –0.60; p < 0.001 for both). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that IP-10 (AUC 0.88; 95% CI 0.84–0.92; sensitivity 82%; specificity 85%) and IL-6 (AUC 0.85; 95% CI 0.80–0.90; sensitivity 80%; specificity 75%) were the most accurate predictors of 28-day mortality. Semi-structured interviews with 20 treating clinicians underscored “patient heterogeneity” and “timing of sampling” as primary barriers to routine cytokine monitoring. These data therefore delineate a reproducible cytokine signature—particularly IP-10, IL-6, and IL-18—that correlates with disease severity and mortality in severe COVID-19–related ARDS, suggesting that their integration into adaptive immunomodulatory protocols, with careful attention to sampling timing and patient stratification, may enhance therapeutic targeting and improve clinical outcomes.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytokine Storm
  topic: keywords
subject: IP-10
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-6
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-18
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Inam Farooq
creator: Muhammad Rehan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 26
ending page: 39

COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES OF ROBOTIC VS. OPEN SURGERY IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS
type: item
description: This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and open radical prostatectomy (ORP) in the treatment of localized prostate cancer, with a focus on perioperative safety, functional recovery, and oncological efficacy. Utilizing a retrospective quantitative design, clinical data from 300 patients were analyzed, equally divided between RARP and ORP groups. Results demonstrated that RARP was significantly associated with reduced intraoperative blood loss, lower transfusion rates, and shorter hospital stays compared to ORP. Functional outcomes were notably improved in the RARP cohort, with higher rates of urinary continence and erectile function recovery at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Additionally, oncological measures such as positive surgical margin rates and biochemical recurrence were more favorable in the robotic group. Quality-of-life assessments revealed superior patient-reported outcomes in urinary and sexual domains following RARP. Subgroup analysis further confirmed that the benefits of robotic surgery extended across various age brackets, with particularly strong functional recovery observed in younger patients. While both techniques demonstrated efficacy in cancer control, the overall advantages of RARP in terms of precision, reduced morbidity, and faster recovery support its growing adoption as the preferred surgical modality. These findings underscore the importance of integrating advanced surgical technologies to optimize patient outcomes in prostate cancer management, while also emphasizing the need for surgeon expertise and patient-specific decision-making in clinical practice.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Robotic-Assisted Prostatectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Open Radical Prostatectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prostate Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Surgical Outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Urinary Continence
  topic: keywords
subject: Erectile Function
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Rehan
creator: Hassan Yar Mahsood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 25

ROLE OF NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE INSTABILITY
type: item
description: Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by a complex interplay of chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. This study investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis progression with a particular focus on inflammatory cytokines, oxidative biomarkers, endothelial injury, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). A total of 100 participants, including clinically diagnosed atherosclerosis patients and healthy controls, were assessed through biochemical, immunological, and molecular analyses. Results demonstrated significantly elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the atherosclerosis group, indicating a heightened pro-inflammatory state. Oxidative stress markers showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), confirming oxidative imbalance. Endothelial dysfunction was evident from upregulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), along with decreased nitric oxide levels. Importantly, NETs biomarkers—citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) and myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes—were significantly higher in patients, highlighting the role of NETosis in plaque instability. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between NETs and pro-inflammatory cytokines (r > 0.69, p < 0.001), and logistic regression identified CitH3, TNF-α, MDA, and VCAM-1 as independent predictors of plaque vulnerability. These findings provide a multidimensional view of atherosclerosis pathogenesis, integrating immune, oxidative, and vascular markers. The results underscore the potential of NETs and inflammatory mediators as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early intervention. This study advances our understanding of the disease’s mechanistic underpinnings and supports the need for targeted strategies beyond lipid-lowering therapies, focusing instead o…
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Atherosclerosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Endothelial Dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Ghaffar
creator: Rabia Kiran
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 14

CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF DNA REPAIR IN RESPONSE TO GENOTOXIC STRESS
type: item
description: Genotoxic stress, resulting from physical, chemical, or biological agents, poses a significant threat to genomic integrity by inducing various forms of DNA damage, including single- and double-strand breaks, base modifications, and bulky lesions. To maintain cellular homeostasis and prevent mutagenesis, cells rely on sophisticated DNA repair mechanisms that identify, signal, and rectify these lesions with high specificity and fidelity.This study systematically investigates the four principal DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), double-strand break repair (DSBR), and mismatch repair (MMR)—highlighting their molecular components, mechanisms, and context-specific activation under genotoxic conditions. The research further explores the roles of key proteins such as PARP1, ATM, BRCA1/2, RAD51, and XPA in orchestrating pathway-specific responses.The findings reveal elevated BER and HR activity in metabolically active and proliferative tissues, respectively, while a marked decline in NER and MMR efficiency was observed in aging and cancerous cells. Additionally, the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient tumors was confirmed, along with the successful application of CRISPR-Cas9 for correcting BRCA1/2 mutations in targeted models.These results underscore the central role of DNA repair in both disease progression and treatment. By demonstrating the pathway-specific vulnerabilities in cancer and the age-related decline in repair capacity, this study supports the advancement of targeted therapies, including gene editing and synthetic lethality approaches. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of DNA repair in response to genotoxic stress provides a foundation for the development of precision medicine strategies and opens new avenues for combating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and premature aging.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: DNA Repair
  topic: keywords
subject: Genotoxic Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Base Excision Repair (BER)
  topic: keywords
subject: Double-Strand Break Repair (DSBR)
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Waheed Shah
creator: Ezza Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 92
ending page: 114

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
type: item
description: Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are chronic conditions characterized by the immune system's misdirected attack on self-tissues, resulting in sustained inflammation and progressive organ damage. Central to this pathological process is a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors that drive persistent activation of inflammatory pathways.This study aimed to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inflammation in AIDs by profiling key cytokines—TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ—and evaluating the functional roles of dysregulated immune cells including T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A structured methodology involving patient immune profiling, cytokine quantification, and comparative analysis was employed to assess variations in inflammatory markers across disease subtypes and treatment responses. Results revealed consistently elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 across patient cohorts, correlating with disease severity and treatment resistance. IFN-γ was notably increased in patients with central nervous system involvement, reinforcing its association with neuroinflammatory autoimmune conditions. Visual analysis through line plots, scatter distributions, and hybrid visualizations provided strong evidence for biomarker clustering and therapeutic differentiation. The study concludes that TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ are robust indicators of inflammatory burden and serve as viable therapeutic targets in AIDs. The integration of cytokine profiling with immune cell analysis offers a valuable framework for developing precision medicine approaches tailored to individual inflammatory signatures. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of autoimmune pathogenesis and highlight the importance of targeted immunomodulation in improving patient outcomes.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoimmune Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytokines
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune Dysregulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Kiran
creator: Hassan Yar Mahsood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Rabia Kiran, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 70
ending page: 91

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF DIET ON GUT MICROBIOME COMPOSITION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION
type: item
description: The human gut microbiome plays a central role in maintaining physiological and immune homeostasis, with growing evidence indicating its modulation by dietary patterns. Disruptions in microbial composition, known as dysbiosis, are increasingly linked to chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. Understanding how specific dietary components influence microbial diversity and immune function is therefore essential for preventive and therapeutic strategies.This study investigated the impact of various dietary interventions—including fiber-rich, probiotic, and high-fat diets—on gut microbiome composition and immune modulation. High-throughput sequencing techniques, including 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis, were employed to profile microbial communities from fecal samples, while immune biomarkers were quantified using ELISA and flow cytometry. Microbial diversity metrics, SCFA concentrations, and cytokine profiles were analyzed and correlated with dietary intake using multivariate statistical models.The findings revealed that fiber- and probiotic-enriched diets significantly enhanced microbial diversity and increased the abundance of beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These shifts were associated with higher levels of short-chain fatty acids and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, while high-fat and high-sugar diets correlated with reduced microbial richness, elevated pro-inflammatory markers, and impaired gut barrier integrity.Overall, the study demonstrates that targeted dietary interventions can meaningfully alter gut microbial ecosystems and modulate immune responses. These results emphasize the potential of nutritional strategies to enhance gut and immune health, reduce systemic inflammation, and prevent chronic disease onset. Future longitudinal studies and personalized nutrition approaches will be essential to optimize dietary recommendations based on individual microbiome profiles.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gut Microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune Function
  topic: keywords
subject: Diet and Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Humayun Ali
creator: Jawad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 47
ending page: 69

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY: INSIGHTS FROM MYOCYTE MODELS
type: item
description: Muscle atrophy, characterized by a progressive decline in muscle mass and strength, is a debilitating condition associated with aging, prolonged inactivity, cancer cachexia, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of muscle wasting is essential for the development of effective therapeutic strategies targeting its diverse etiologies.This study investigates the cellular mechanisms of muscle atrophy using differentiated myocyte models subjected to stressors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), oxidative conditions, and nutrient deprivation. Experimental conditions were designed to mimic pathological muscle loss in vitro, while molecular responses were analyzed through qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and viability assays. Mathematical modeling of protein degradation kinetics was employed to simulate the rate of muscle protein turnover.The findings reveal significant upregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system components, including atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, under inflammatory and nutrient-deficient conditions. Concurrently, autophagy-related genes such as LC3 and Beclin-1 were markedly elevated, confirming hyperactivation of catabolic pathways. IGF-1 treatment partially restored protein synthesis rates, while gene knockdown of MuRF-1 reduced cellular degradation and improved myotube morphology. Pharmacological interventions targeting proteasome and autophagy pathways exhibited therapeutic potential, particularly when combined with anabolic stimulation.In conclusion, this study highlights the central role of myocyte-based experimental platforms in dissecting the molecular cascades of muscle atrophy. By elucidating the coordinated regulation of UPS, autophagy, and cytokine signaling, and by testing therapeutic modulators in a controlled setting, the research lays a foundation for future preclinical and clinical efforts aimed at preserving muscle integrity and function across diverse atrophic conditions.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Muscle Atrophy
  topic: keywords
subject: Myocyte Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
creator: Shazia Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 46

CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR TISSUERE GENERATION
type: item
description: Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen availability in tissues, plays a critical role in both physiological development and pathological conditions. Emerging evidence underscores its significance in orchestrating cellular mechanisms that drive tissue regeneration and repair. Central to this process are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), transcription factors that regulate genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolism, stem cell activation, and extracellular matrix remodeling.This study systematically explored the cellular and molecular responses to hypoxia using a comprehensive literature synthesis, computational modeling, and visual analytics of hypoxia-driven gene expression, protein signaling, and regenerative outcomes. The methodology integrated data from experimental studies on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and ischemic tissue models to evaluate the role of hypoxic signaling in modulating regenerative mechanisms.The results demonstrated that hypoxia robustly upregulates angiogenic factors such as VEGF, enhances glycolytic pathway activity, and promotes stem cell proliferation and differentiation across tissue types. Hypoxia-mimetic agents and preconditioned stem cell therapies exhibited improved regenerative performance in both in vitro and in vivo contexts. Furthermore, ECM remodeling was shown to be tightly regulated under hypoxic conditions, contributing to efficient wound closure and structural restoration.In conclusion, hypoxia serves as a master regulator of tissue repair by activating key signaling pathways that coordinate metabolic adaptation, vascular remodeling, and cellular regeneration. While therapeutic strategies such as hypoxia mimetics and hypoxic preconditioning hold substantial promise, precise modulation of these responses is essential to avoid adverse outcomes like fibrosis or uncontrolled cell proliferation. These findings offer a compelling foundation for future clinical applications of hypoxia-based interventions in regenerati…
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hypoxia”
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue Regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Cellular Responses
  topic: keywords
creator: Zia Ur Rehman
creator: Mashal Shahzadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 22

EVALUATING HYPERINSULINEMIA-INDUCED COGNITIVE DECLINE IN PRE-DIABETIC PATIENTS
type: item
description: Hyperinsulinemia, a hallmark of insulin resistance and a precursor to type 2 diabetes, has been increasingly implicated in cognitive dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of hyperinsulinemia on cognitive performance and inflammatory markers in pre-diabetic individuals. Fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR indices helped classify 150 pre-diabetic adults into hyperinsulinemic (75) and normoinsulinemic (75) groups. Memory, executive function and processing speed were tested in standardised ways, making it possible for the researchers to study participants’ metabolism and intellect in great detail. Neuroinflammation activity was measured by detecting levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum with ELISA. Samples were matched using t-test analyses and both ANCOVA and Pearson correlation tests were run to assess group differences and relationships in insulin, inflammation and cognition. Hyperinsulinemic participants had significantly higher fasting insulin (27.43 ± 4.79 µGI/mL) and HOMA-IR scores (7.19 ± 1.52) compared to people whose insulin levels were normal (9.90 ± 1.86 µGI/mL and 2.58 ± 0.88). Those with hyperinsulinemia scored lower than others in memory (60.21 ± 10.12 vs. 70.18 ± 7.85), executive function (54.89 ± 9.05 vs. 66.22 ± 6.74) and processing speed (49.76 ± 6.89 vs. 63.03 ± 5.98) (p < 0.01). When insulin was raised, the levels of inflammatory biomarkers – TNF-α and IL-6 – often increased greatly, compared to the control group (TNF-α: 7.51 ± 1.21 pg/mL; IL-6: 6.78 ± 1.04 pg/mL). Fasting insulin levels were strongly related to worse memory performance, with r = –0.62 and p = 0.001. People with pre-diabetes have hyperinsulinemia and often face serious cognitive problems as well as more neuroinflammation. They show early management of metabolism is needed to protect thinking abilities and highlight that good insulin control is essential in pre-diabetes.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hyperinsulinemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Decline
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre-Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: HOMA-IR
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Yar Mahsood
creator: Sami Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Sami Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 67

IDENTIFYING GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY-ONSET TYPE 1 DIABETES
type: item
description: Early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune condition primarily affecting children and adolescents, characterised by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. While environmental triggers are known contributors, genetic predisposition remains a pivotal determinant in disease development. This study aimed to identify and quantify key genetic risk factors associated with early-onset T1D. For the study, one hundred people with early-onset T1D and one hundred healthy participants matched by age and sex were used. Paired genomic DNA samples for T1D-associated alleles including HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, INS (rs689), CTLA4 (rs231775), PTPN22 (rs2476601), IL2RA (rs2104) and IFIH1 (rs1990760) were analyzed by examining how many times each allele occurred in each group. Additionaly, I collected information regarding autoimmune illnesses in people’s families. The T1D group had a significantly higher rate of HLA-DR3 (68%) and HLA-DR4 (60%) alleles than the controls did. Interesting findings were a hike in the INS AA version (55% vs. 20%), CTLA4 GG version (48% vs. 22%) and PTPN22 TT version (50% vs. 18%) in T1D. In addition, we observed higher frequencies of IL2RA AA (52%) than IFIH1 CC (19%) and IL2RA AA (21%) for IFIH1 CC (45%). More than 60 percent of those living with T1D said they had relatives with some form of autoimmune disease. T1D group participants were found to carry much higher genetic risk, suggesting their genes make them more likely to develop T1D. We saw a statistically significant relationship in all the associations (p < 0.01). This study explains that particular HLA and non-HLA genetic markers have an important role in early-onset T1D. As a result, it becomes necessary to screen genes and classify individuals by risk level to begin interventions that try to control or stop the beginning of diseases early.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Type 1 Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: HLA-DR3
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoimmune Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Early-Onset
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymorphism
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
creator: Jawad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzad Rafiq , Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 44
ending page: 54

THE ROLE OF GUT-DERIVED GLP-1 IN HYPOGLYCEMIA UNAWARENESS
type: item
description: Hypoglycemia unawareness is a dangerous complication of diabetes, marked by a diminished perception of low blood glucose levels and an impaired counter-regulatory response. Emerging evidence suggests that gut-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a key incretin hormone, may play a role in modulating hypoglycemia awareness through its influence on hormonal and autonomic pathways.To study how levels of GLP-1 are linked to hypoglycemia unawareness among people with diabetes and whether higher GLP-1 causes people to lose the ability to fight low blood sugar. People with diabetes separated into two groups, one aware of hypoglycemia and one not and were examined in a cross-sectional study. Among the other important counter-regulating hormones (glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine) and insulin, glucose readings and the frequency of low blood sugar detected by CGM, I also examined GLP-1 levels both while fasting and after meals. A statistical approach was used to check for similarities between groups of awareness and groups of unawareness. Those with hypoglycemia unawareness had much higher fasting GLP-1 (29.93 ± 5.50 pmol/L) and more GLP-1 AUC (2402 ± 342) compared to conscious participants and their glucagon (50.12 ± 12.03 pg/mL), cortisol (9.03 ± 3.12 µg/dL) and epinephrine (59.84 ± 20.04 pg/m Moreover, people without awareness had about four times as many hypoglycemia episodes (6.49 ± 1.96 vs. 2.53 ± 1.12, p < 0.01). The frequency of hypoglycemia increased as GLP-1 levels in the blood went up, as seen during the study. The study suggests that when GLP-1 acts too much, people may become unaware of hypoglycemia because their hormones cannot balance it properly. These findings suggest it is necessary to design custom diabetes treatment plans, mainly for GLP-1-based medications.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: GLP-1
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypoglycemia Unawareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Counter-Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Continuous Glucose Monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Wesam Taher Almagharbeh
creator: Humayun Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wesam Taher Almagharbeh , Humayun Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 30
ending page: 43

INVESTIGATING LEPTIN RESISTANCE IN MORBID OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
type: item
description: Leptin resistance has emerged as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in the context of morbid obesity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between leptin resistance, metabolic markers, and inflammatory parameters in individuals with T2DM and varying degrees of obesity. Patients who had both T2DM and morbid obesity (BMI greater than 40), those with T2DM but not morbidly obese (BMI below 40) and non-diabetic controls were all part of the study. Serum leptin, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP, IL-6 and HbA1c were looked at using blood samples taken after a fast and anthropometric measurements. To perform the analyses, I used both group comparisons and correlation studies. When comparing to only T2DM or control participants, participants with morbid obesity along with T2DM had higher average levels of leptin (60.37 ± 9.75 ng/mL), insulin (24.87 ± 5.12 µIU/mL) and HOMA-IR score (11.01 ± 1.93). Records from the morbidly obese diabetes group also indicted rise in inflammatory factors: CRP (9.91 ± 2.13 mg/L) and IL-6 (8.03 ± 2.07 pg/mL.). Because the HbA1c level in this group was the highest (9.02 ± 1.04%), there were clear difficulties in ongoing glucose control. By examining the results, we noticed that there were strong favorable correlations among leptin, insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI. In addition, it was pointed out that resistance to leptin can hurt insulin and its function. Even more connections were found between parenting and behavior by using visual graphs. This finding suggests that morbid obesity markedly reduces leptin levels which also increases insulin resistance, inflammation in the body and hyperglycaemia in those with T2DM. Such discoveries demonstrate that including leptin-based treatments may benefit the therapy of obese diabetic populations.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leptin Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Morbid Obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: HOMA-IR
  topic: keywords
creator: Muska Hayat
creator: Rabia Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muska Hayat , Rabia Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 15
ending page: 29

EXPLORING SURFACTANT PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
type: item
description: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm infants, primarily due to surfactant protein deficiency. This study investigates the relationship between surfactant protein levels—specifically SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C—and the clinical severity of RDS, examining their potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. A quantitative observational study was conducted on 100 neonates admitted with respiratory distress within the first 48 hours of life. Clinical parameters including gestational age, birth weight, ventilation modality, NICU stay, and oxygen therapy duration were recorded. Surfactant protein levels were measured using ELISA.Researchers looked at data to find links between deficiencies in surfactants and clinical results, in particular BPD development and death. The fetuses were born after a 30.1-week pregnancy and their average birth weight was 1497 grammes. The study revealed that newborns requiring breathing help through tubes had many times fewer surfactant proteins than did infants getting help with regular breathing. Things like SP-A, SP-B and SP-C all decreased in relationship to the seriousness of the disease as seen on X-ray. BPD-affected infants were found with lower levels of SP-A (42.0 ng/mL) and needed more oxygen compared to healthy newborns. A lower birth weight, an early gestational period and longer stays in the intensive care unit were linked to increased risk of death for neonates. To prove these points, visual studies were done with bar graphs, histograms, boxplots and violin plots. This research proves that an inadequacy of surfactant proteins is related to more serious illness, the need for greater medical support and bad results for babies with RDS. A diagnosis given early and plain management choices made with SP-A assessment are most valuable. Using predictive modelling, non-invasive support and measuring surfactant could help treat newborns more effectively.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neonatal Respiratory Distress
  topic: keywords
subject: Surfactant Proteins
  topic: keywords
subject: SP-A
  topic: keywords
subject: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical Ventilation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal Outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Younas Rehman
creator: Syeda Iram Batool
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Younas Rehman , Syeda Iram Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 14

ADVANCED WOUND HEALING: PLASTIC SURGERY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
type: item
description: Surgical and medical complications in wound healing become huge obstacles in the procedures of surgeons and doctors particularly plastic and reconstructive surgeons. In this case study plastic surgery and control of infectious diseases are examined as factors that aid in the healing process of patients. It employs a sample of 180 individuals that have various wounds and the severity of infection. Nine elaborate tables and 12 intricate visualizations indicate that early surgery combined with customised antibiotic medication has a massive effect on wound healing. The rapidity of recovery of worry patients given Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone was found to be quicker in the case of clean of moderately infected wounds. Conversely, non-healing wounds were larger than and healed more slowly than necrotic, severely infected wounds. Scatter plots and regression overlay indicated strong negative relation between the size of wound and the rate at which the wound healed. The pie and bar charts indicated the spreading of the disease and the successfully working of therapy on various categories of patients. Demographic and seasonal tendencies were also noted, and they revealed that wound care treatments must be tailored to an individual. This approach that couples the accuracy of surgery with infective control is a holistic solution to the question of how to treat complex wounds. The results provide physicians with the method to make decisions concerning the care of wounds and employ predictive analysis in the future.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wound Healing
  topic: keywords
subject: Plastic Surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: Infection Severity
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subject: Antibiotic Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Healing Duration
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subject: Advanced Wound Care
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creator: Hassan Yar Mahsood
creator: Abdul Ghaffar
creator: Roohan Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Hassan Yar Mahsood, Abdul Ghaffar, Roohan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 86
ending page: 108

PSORIASIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK: AN INTEGRATIVE CARDIO-DERMATOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
type: item
description: Psoriasis is a chronic unstable skin illness that is gaining prominence in the effect it caused in the entire human body particularly increasing the chances of heart illness. This is a mixed-methods experimental research that examines clinical and pathophysiological associations between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adults included in the study were 180 and were categorized into three groups; psoriasis-only, CVD-only and comorbid. The severity of the skin condition was measured by using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and the score used to measure the risk of heart disease was Framingham Risk Scale (FRS), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The results of the analysis of biomarkers indicated elevated concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-17 in individuals constituting the comorbid group. Regression models demonstrated also that PASI was significantly predictive of increased cardiovascular load. In addition as well, interviews done, semi structured with a few comorbid patients revealed that they spoke a lot about psychological problems like they felt miserable about the state of their condition, how angry they were and how scared they were of heart problems. The quantitative and qualitative findings support the notion of similarity in the rate of inflammation and the psychosomatic pathways of psoriasis and CVD. The integrative clinical approach proposed in the study gives priority to the early screening and the care of numerous disciplines to enhance the long-term outcomes. These findings complement the emerging literature that cardiovascular screening ought to be included in the dermatologic treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psoriasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular Risk
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subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Pasi
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subject: Tnf-Α
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subject: Integrative Care
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creator: Rabia Nasir
creator: Rabia Kiran
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Rabia Nasir, Rabia Kiran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 85

AI-DRIVEN PREDICTIVE MODELING FOR GERIATRIC ONCOLOGY OUTCOMES
type: item
description: Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in geriatric oncology is a game-changing approach to predicting the outcomes of treatment and customizing the care of geriatric cancer patients. A mixed-methods research was conducted to develop Machine Learning models capable of predicting the possibility of hospitalization, treatment toxicity, and survival 12 months after the onset of cancer in persons above the age of 65. In the dataset consisting of 412 patients with clinical, geriatric, and genomic data, we trained and tested such models as logistic regression, random forest, support vector machines, and XGBoost. XGBoost fared the best with an AUC score of 0.87, F1-score of 0.79 and a balanced accuracy of 0.81. SHAP analysis revealed the best predictors of survival were age, hemoglobin level, mutation burden and ECOG status. Together with quantitative modeling, qualitative interviews with 30 patients identified significant themes such as anxieties related to therapy and functional independence and emotional resilience. Such themes were employed in enhancing the interpretation and application of the model to real world. The model was also tested outwardly by an independent group of individuals (n = 98), and it has been identified that it was strong (AUC = 0.83). The findings indicate the significance of AI-driven tools to segregate risks, assist physicians in decision-making, and inculcate the values of patient-centredness into cancer treatment of the aged. This research is based on a paradigm that can be applied repetitively and comprehended which is the rigour in computer science and compassion in health science.
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geriatric Oncology
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Survival Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Shap Explainability
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creator: Muhammad Inam Farooq
creator: Syeda Iram Batool
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Inam Farooq, Syeda Iram Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 45
ending page: 63

METABOLIC SYNDROME AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES
type: item
description: A trend emanating in the recent past is a connectedness between metabolic syndrome (MetS), a set of associated metabolic disorders, and neuropsychiatric issues such as melancholy, anxiety and cognitive loss. With clear criteria in diagnosing MetS and verified psychological assessment instruments (PHQ-9, GAD-7, MoCA), the mixed-methods research examined the shared experiences of 312 individuals aged 25-65 who are experiencing some form of neuropsychiatric load. The measuring of mental and cognitive discomfort has resulted in a new scoring called Neuropsychiatric Burden Score (NPBS). Quantitative data indicated that high fasting glucose and central adiposity were the most appropriate predictors of high NPBS (p < 0.01). Regression models also indicated that the higher the number of MetS-related factors an individual had, the poorer his/ her mental health outcomes became. Individuals with HOMA-IR of 2.5 or higher had significantly higher NPBS very low MoCA score, so it demonstrates the consequences of insulin resistance in the brain. Emotional exhaustion, sleep disorders, weight-related stigma, and reported cognitive failures theme were singled out by a qualitative analysis of 22 patient interviews. These thematics form a suitable pattern with the biomarker and the psychometric findings. Individuals with elevated NPBS were frequently receiving issues with cortisol levels as well as elevated levels of hs-CRP. This confirms the conception that neuroinflammation and HPA dysfunction is present. The integrated design of the study integrated into Figure 1 was able to merge both the metabolic diagnostics and psychiatric profiling hence forging a complete biopsychosocial map of comorbidity. These findings indicate that we require generalizable screening procedures and treatments that are interdisciplinary and take care of plans to control metabolism and psychological robustness in individuals with MetS
subject: Orignal Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metabolic Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Depression
  topic: keywords
subject: Anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Impairment
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroinflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Resistance
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creator: Younas Rehman
creator: Wesam Taher Almagharbeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Younas Rehman, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 44