Effectiveness of National Immunization Policies on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Low-Income Regions

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of national immunization policies in reducing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) across low-income regions by employing a mixed-methods research design that integrates epidemiological trend analysis with qualitative policy assessment. Quantitative data from national surveillance systems, immunization registries, and disease reporting platforms were used to measure changes in vaccination coverage, incidence patterns, and policy-driven reductions in disease burden. Qualitative insights from policy reviews and implementation reports provided essential context regarding operational challenges, such as cold-chain limitations, workforce shortages, funding constraints, and sociocultural barriers affecting uptake. Results revealed a consistent inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and VPD incidence, demonstrating that regions with stronger policy implementation achieved significantly greater disease reductions. However, notable disparities remained, especially in geographically isolated or socioeconomically disadvantaged districts, which continued to exhibit lower coverage and higher dropout rates. Statistical associations confirmed that increased coverage strongly predicted incidence declines, while qualitative triangulation highlighted governance effectiveness, community trust, and health-system resilience as key determinants of policy success. Overall, the study concludes that national immunization policies are effective mechanisms for reducing VPD burden in low-income settings, but their full potential depends on equitable implementation, improved infrastructure, targeted community engagement, and adaptive policy reforms that respond to local needs. These findings provide actionable insights for strengthening immunization strategies and enhancing long-term public health outcomes in resource-constrained environments.